Pelleting is a stressful process for a phytase. Due to its proteinaceous nature, the enzyme can lose its structure, and consequently its activity, during heat treatment. This results in an activity level that does not meet the specifications of the animal feed, which may result in less efficient animal performance. But pelleting temperature is only part of the problem.
The pelleting process
During the pelleting process (Figure 1), mash feed is heated in a conditioner using steam to reach a given temperature. Dry steam is added at a steam injection point at a ratio of 1% (1kg / 100kg mash) for every 15oC increase in feed temperature as required. Final temperatures in the conditioner vary from 65oC to 90oC or even higher.
Figure 1. The different steps of the pelleting process
After the feed has been conditioned, it is compressed into a die (Figure 2) to form the pellet. This generates friction heat which increases the temperature of the pellets.
Figure 2. A pelleting die
After die compression, the pellets are cooled with ambient air in a vertical counter current cooler (Figure 3), where cold air is blown in from the bottom while pellets enter from the top. During cooling, the pellets are also dried. The final temperature is approximately room temperature while moisture content should be below 13%.
Figure 3. The counter current cooler
Processing factors affecting phytase recovery
Phytase inactivation increases with temperature and time in the conditioner. Depending on the properties of the specific process, the conditioning system can vary from a short time (30 seconds, for example in a steam mixer) up to an hygienizer with an extended conditioning time (3 to 4 minutes).
Dry heat has a less negative effect than wet heat. Low quality steam (oversaturated steam containing water droplets) results in a higher feed moisture and thereby negatively affects phytase stability.
Die friction will increase the temperature of the surface of the pellets. Friction heat increases as die channels get longer and narrower, resulting in a higher phytase inactivation. The length: diameter (L:D) ratio of a die is therefore an important parameter; the higher the value, the more friction heat can be expected. For monogastric feeds, die holes are normally 2 to 4mm in diameter and 40 to 80mm long. Small pellets (2mm) tend to show lower phytase recoveries than large (5mm) pellets. A higher throughput of feed also increases pelleting friction.
Figure 4. The recovery of OptiPhos® Plus in feed with different levels of added fat and conditioning time
The speed of cooling also determines phytase recovery. Slow cooling means a prolonged heat effect. A cooling (and drying) process in a counter current cooler can take up to 15 minutes, but the temperature of the pellet in the cooler normally drops below 70oC quickly. Below this temperature, the impact of heat on phytase recovery is limited. However, inadequate speed of cooling the pellet can lead to increased losses of phytase activity. For instance, a study conducted at Ghent University, Belgium showed that inadequate (slow) cooling of pellets could negatively impact recovery results by 10% at 30 second conditioning and 3 bar steam pressure. Recovery was 17% lower with a prolonged conditioning time (120 seconds; Figure 5).
Figure 5. The impact of slow and fast cooling on the recovery of OptiPhos® Plus at different conditioning times and steam pressure
Conclusion
Determination of the recovery of a phytase during pelleting depends on many factors, including the desired heat treatment of the mash, the equipment, the steam quality, the feed composition, the pellet form and the speed of cooling. And finally, it also depends largely on the intrinsic heat stability of the phytase itself.